1. Introduction: The start libraries were entirely partly libraries, too stored most of the unpublished records, which are unremarkably viewed equally archives. The archeological equally good equally literary evidence (written past times Chiness travellers in India) acquire inward clear that writing too reading of manuscripts were regularly practiced inward ancient menstruum since the quaternary century B.C. to the 6th century after Christ. This must create got led to the increase too evolution of collection of manuscripts inward of import centers of learning. The of import library of that menstruum was that of Nalanda University of Bihar inward the quaternary century AD. The library was said to hold upward inward iii grandest buildings, the expanse of which was called “Drama Ganja” pregnant mast of religion. The other of import academic library of that menstruum was Vikramsila, Odantapuri, Somapuri, Jaggadal, Mithila, Vallabhi, Kanheri, etc. During that menstruum at that spot was a considerable activeness in South India too, too at that spot was a tradition most the libraries inward that menstruum known equally sangam age.
The Buddhist of Republic of Republic of India set special emphasis on the writing of manuscripts too maintaining their collection. The Jains too Hindus also made immense contribution inward the plain of learning. They patronized instruction too literary activities, established innumerable establishment called Upasrayas and Temple College.
Acharya Nagarjuna, the founder of Mahayana Buddhism is known to create got maintained a library on the top flooring of the academy building. It was also said that Taxila has a rich library.
2. Medieval Period: The medieval wheel may hold upward roughly taken to create got ended with the seventeenth century. It was during the ascending stage of this wheel that the giant intellectual too spiritual leaders such equally Sankara, Ramanuja too Madheva flourished.
a) Personnel Libraries: From the earliest times the kings too nobles of India patronized instruction too encouraged writing of manuscripts too their preservation. Even the princes of little states maintained their manuscripts libraries. The tradition was continued till the nineteenth century. The emperors of Timuride dynasty were patrons of learning. With the exception of Aurangzeb all the early on Mughal rulers extended their back upward to art, music too literature. The libraries also made remarkable progress during their times. Humayun converted a pleasance work solid inward purana quila in Delhi into a library. Akbar maintained an “imperial library”; he was also instrumental inward introducing reforms inward the classification too storage of books. Jahangir is said to create got maintained a personnel library which moved with him wherever he went.
b) Public Libraries: In the seventeenth too the eighteenth century, the evolution of libraries received an impetus due to rising of European short town inward India. From 1690, Calcutta began to develop equally 1 of the principal English linguistic communication settlement, when a large issue of British began to settle there. Subsequently, the circulation too subscription libraries came into being.
The East Republic of Republic of India Company established the Fort St. David library inward 1707 at Cuddalore. In the twelvemonth 1709, the lodge for advertisement of Christian Knowledge sent out a circulating library to Calcutta, the start of its form in India. Subsequently, a issue of such libraries were established in India, the notable alongside them were Fort St. George library (1714), East Republic of Republic of India Company’s library, Bombay (1715), John Andrews circulating library at Fort William, Calcutta (1770), The Calcutta Circulating library (1787), etc.
3. Period of Modern Cycle (Till Nineteenth Century): The increase too evolution of libraries till nineteenth century tin hold upward looked from the next angles.
a) Public Libraries: The role of Mughal rulers too missionaries inward establishment of around libraries also detect their way to modern cycle. Some of the scattered manuscripts of the early on periods create got been collected too preserved inward many modern manuscripts libraries. These are found inward many states in India. Those of Baroda, Banaras, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Mysore, Poona, Tanjavur and Trivandrum are good known.
The twelvemonth 1808 is considered an of import menstruum during which the too then authorities of Bombay initiated a proposal to register libraries which were to hold upward given copies of books published from “funds for the encouragement of literature”. This has been the start endeavour to register the libraries too aid them with literature past times the government.
In the early on 19th century John Andrew’s circulating library at Fort William, Calcutta (established inward 1770) was converted into a world library. H5N1 few world libraries started appearing sporadically hither too at that spot during the same menstruum inward this country. The notable alongside them are Asha Granthalaya, Waltair (1800), Calcutta Literary Society’s Library (1818), United Services Library, Poona (1818), Raghunandan Library, Puri (1821), Mumbai General Library (1830), etc.
In August 1835, the Calcutta public library was established. It was meant to serve the needs of all ranks too classes without distinction. In 1860, a little library was established past times Jean Mitchel in Madras as a component of the Museum. It was opened to Earth inward 1896. It was named Connemera Public Library, this library tin hold upward claimed to hold upward the start truthful world library, entirely a nominal refundable deposit was required. In 1948, it becomes State Central library.
In 1867, the Government of Republic of Republic of India enacted the Press too Registration of Books Act (XXV) nether which the publisher of a volume was supposed to deliver free, to the provincial authorities concerned, 1 re-create of the volume too 1 or 2 to a greater extent than copies, if the provincial authorities therefore desired, to hold upward transmitted to the primal government.
In 1876, Khuda Baksh Oriental world library (Patna) was established. Maulvi Muhammod Baksh Khan, on his decease left a collection of 1500 manuscripts. It formed the nucleus of the library. In 1891, the library was opened to the public.
The regal library was established at Calcutta in 1891. Lord Curzon, the viceroy of India promulgated the regal library human activeness 1902, which is based on Registration of books human activeness of 1867, amalgamating Calcutta public library with regal library. Soon after independence the Government of Republic of Republic of India passed the National Library Act inward 1948 next which the regal library was renamed equally the National library of India.
b) Academic Libraries: The start college to hold upward started inward this province is the Fort William College in 1800. Sir John Colville inward 1857, introduced the neb to flora universities in India. In the same twelvemonth Lord Delhousie, too then the Governor General of India, gives immediate consent to this bill. As a result, the start iii modern universities were started at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1857 based on the patterns of London University.
i) Calcutta University Library: Calcutta University was the start to hold upward established on January 24, 1857. On February 24, 1869 Mr. Joy Kissen Mookherjee of Uttar para donated Rs. 5,000.00 to the University for purchasing books for the library. The senate inward the twelvemonth 1872 succeeded inward constructing a beautiful edifice at a damage of Rs. 4, 34,697.00. This is the start too oldest academy library that was established in British India. In 1874, the library also started a collection of periodicals. In 1876-77, Calcutta University library had a expert collection of books with printed catalogue service to the user. In 1934, a novel library edifice was set upward inward the Calcutta University. In 1937, the Calcutta University Library appointed the professionally qualified librarian, physician Nihar Ranjan Roy. He, for the start fourth dimension in India introduced the DDC too AACR dominion for providing effective library services to the user.
ii) Madras University Library: The Madras University Library was opened inward 1907. The authorities of India gave a special grant of Rs. 1,00,000.00 to the library to develop its volume collection. In 1924, physician S. R. Ranganathan joined the Madras University Library equally librarian. He was the start professionally qualified librarian inward Indian history. Due to his active involvement he was able to have Rs. 6,000.00 too Rs. 10,00,000.00 inward the twelvemonth 1926. This was the start grant to hold upward received from the authorities inward the history of the academy libraries in India. As a resultant of this grant, the University Library that was in-house at the Connemara Public Library since 1908, was shifted to the novel place inward 1936. Again 5 well-trained reference librarians were appointed to supply special reference service to the user. This was done for the start fourth dimension inward the Indian history.
iii) Bombay University Library: The Bombay University library was established really lately due to the lack of donation. It was the academy authorities of Bombay that offered a donation of Rs. 20,000.00 for structure of library building. In 1931, a really special grant of Rs. 10,000 was given past times Kikabhai too Meneklen the sons of belatedly Premchand Roy Chand. In 1939, the Central authorities provides a special grant of Rs. 50,000.00 to the University of Bombay library to strengthen its collection.
iv) Punjab University Library: Punjab University was established inward 1882 too inward the twelvemonth 1908 Punjab University Library was opened.
v) Banaras Hindu University Library: Banaras Hindu University was established inward 1916. In 1926-27 the structure of the library was made past times the handsome donation of Rs. 2,00,000.00 past times the belatedly Sir Siyaji Rao, the Maharaja of Borada.
c) Research Libraries: The Asiatic lodge of Bengal that was established at Calcutta in 1784 started edifice upward a expert enquiry library since its inception. The Asiatic Society of Bombay, founded inward 1804, also developed a expert library. The start technical library to hold upward founded inward this province is the Victoria Technical library at Nagpur in 1806. The Madras Literary Society had founded its library inward 1812.
4. Twentieth Century
a) Role of Individual: The evolution of world libraries equally a motion may hold upward said to create got started past times Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, the ruler of Baroda state inward 1906. During his see to USA he was impressed past times Earth libraries scheme inward that country. In monastic tell to organize libraries along modern lines, the Maharaja appointed an American librarian past times holler William Allenson Borden equally curator of libraries of his state. During his tenure of role that is inward betwixt 1910-13, Borden could organize a really expert network of gratis library services inward the state. However, this instance did non set a measuring inward the later on evolution due to lack of involvement on the component of the province government. But the contribution made past times Maharaja Sayajirao III would hold upward written inward golden letters inward the history of world library motion in India.
The library motion in Baroda originated equally the peoples motion nether the leadership of Motibhai Amin (a world leader) inward the cast of Mitra Mandal (Society of Friends) equally early on equally 1906 which received province patronage inward 1960. Newton Mohan Dutta, curator of libraries at Baroda also did expert work.
There has been a issue of pioneers who made contribution to the library motion inward Andhra Pradesh. Out of them Sir Iyyanki Venkata Ramanayya holds a house of pride. From Bengal we create got the holler of Monindra Dev Rai Mahashaya. Master Motilal (1876-1949), past times his ain travail too meagre resources established Shri Sanmati Pustakalaya (a world library) inward Jaipur inward 1920. From Punjab nosotros had Sant Ram Bhatia, who played an of import role inward promoting the motion of world libraries in Punjab. In Assam, the library motion at its truthful spirit was led past times Late Kumudeshar Barthakur (1893-8th November 1966), a retired Secondary School instructor nether the ready holler of Assam Library Association.
The contribution of S.R. Ranganathan is unique too remarkable. He is regarded equally the begetter of Indian library movement. The thought of an integrated library scheme was start introduced past times him at the start “All Asia Educational Conference” held at Benerai inward 1930. There he presented a model library human activeness that cast the footing of the Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh too Karnataka library legislation too equally a whole the subsequent library legislation inward India.
b) Role of Library Association too Organization: Library association also played a vital role inward the progress too evolution of library motion in India.
The Andhra Desa Library Association, founded inward 1914, is the start of its form in India. It started the start full-fledged professional person periodical inward 1925 nether the championship “Indian Library Journal”.
All Indian Library Association was also set upward inward 1920, but it could non produce anything for libraries too their development. By physician S. R. Ranganathan’s travail Indian Library Association was set upward inward 1933 inward its nowadays cast with its caput quarter in Calcutta (Kolkata). The association published a quarterly periodical named ABGILA.
Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF) was set upward inward 1972, on the occasion of the bicentenary of Raja Rammohun Roy who raised the banner of revolt against obscurantism inward the lodge too devoted his life to care against injustice. RRRLF is an autonomous arrangement of Dept of Culture, Govt of Republic of Republic of India too it provides dissimilar types of grant to dissimilar world libraries.
Bengal Library Association (1925), Madras Library Association (1928), Punjab Library Association (1929), Assam Library Association (Sadau Assam Puthibharal Sanga) (1938), etc. played vital roles for the increase too evolution of world libraries inward the respective states of origin.
c) Role of Union and State Government
i) First Five Year Plan (1951-56): The authorities of India in its start 5 twelvemonth programme of educational evolution includes the scheme of “Improvement of Library Service”. This scheme envisaged a network of libraries spread all over the country. The proposal of setting upward a National primal library at New Delhi was also made. During the start 5 twelvemonth programme ix province governments i.e. Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, etc. decided to set upward province primal libraries.
ii) Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961): Under the instant 5 twelvemonth programme the authorities of India allocated most Rs. 140 lakhs for setting upward a province broad network of libraries inward 320 districts. Under this plan, the “Institute of Library Science” at University of Delhi was also established. The refresher class on “The world library too national development” on March 2, 1959 also started.
iii) Third Five Year Plan: During the 3rd programme menstruum equally good the Institute of Library science, University of Delhi other universities also upgraded the facilities for preparation library personnel too enhanced the facilities for enquiry inward library science.
iv) Fourth Five Year Plan: The authorities of India announced on July 16, 1964, hateful solar daytime of the month of a xvi fellow member instruction commission to ready a compressive review of the entire plain of instruction too advice the authorities on evolving a national pattern at all stages of education. The commission has formed diverse sub committees to fix study on diverse aspect of instruction including the libraries, which plays a nifty role towards the betterment of libraries in India. During the quaternary 5 twelvemonth plan, the authorities of India set upward the Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation inward 1972 to ready the bicentenary of the nativity of Raja Rammohan Roy, the begetter of modern India.
d) Role of UGC: The UGC gave a novel life to the academy too college libraries. It gave librarian a status, prestige too a improve life. The major commission too committees formed past times UGC for the increase too evolution of college too academy libraries are
i) Library Committee (1957): The UGC programme (Commission) appointed a commission nether the chairmanship of physician S. R. Ranganathan to suggest on a broad make of subjects including the standards too principles for the designing of library building, plumbing equipment too furniture, direction of academy libraries, preparation of librarianship etc.
ii) Review Committee (1961): In monastic tell to reckon the query of improving too coordinating the standards of teaching, too conducting enquiry inward the subdivision of library scientific discipline inward Indian Universities nether the chairmanship of physician S. R. Ranganathan a review commission was formed inward July 1961. The start coming together of the commission was held on 15th July 1961, inward which a questionnaire was finalized on the footing of information supplied past times the Indian Universities. In answer to this questionnaire a notation was prepared past times the UGC, which cast the dorsum os of many developments inward the dependent plain of library science.
Other mentionable Committees too Commissions are
* Education Commission (1964): Chairman D. S. Kothari.
* Pal Committee (1970): Chairman A. B. Lal.
* Mehrotra Committee (1983): Chairman R. C. Mehrotra.
* Committee on National Network System for Universities (1988): Chairman Yash Pal.
* Curriculum Development Committee on LISc (1990).
iii) Work Flow Seminar: UGC organized a seminar on “work flow” inward libraries inward New Delhi from March 4-7, 1959, physician C. D. Deshmukh, the too then chairman of UGC, extended assistance to libraries for constructing edifice too slice of furniture equally good equally for the engaging the staff on a scale which is, relatively speaking, larger than found inward many other countries. The recommendations of the seminar were circulated to the universities too colleges all over the country. These comments were considered past times the commission too were accepted.
iv) Revision of Pay Scale: Another nifty improvement inward the history of universities too college libraries is the revision of salary scales of professionally qualified librarian nether the 3rd 5 twelvemonth plan.
e) Role of UNESCO: The nifty contribution of UNESCO towards the library profession in India is that it gave it an international status. UNESCO for the start fourth dimension started the start airplane pilot projection past times establishing the Delhi Public Library inward Oct 1951. The primary aim of this projection was to supply information on the work of world library services for the parts of India in item too for Asia in general.
The Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC) was set upward inward 1952 past times the authorities of India with technical assistance from UNESCO. In 1964, UNESCO assisted INSDOC in 1 lawsuit to a greater extent than inward setting upward its regional centre in Bangalore.
The instant eminent measuring that the UNESCO took inward this management was the asset of a seminar on the evolution of world libraries inward Asia inward Delhi from October 6-26, 1955. It was the start international coming together on this dependent plain to hold upward organized inward an Asian country. On the whole, the seminar was a nifty success for the library profession in India.
Another UNESCO seminar which had far reaching upshot on library profession in India was the “Regional seminar on library evolution inward South Asia”. It was held inward the University of Delhi library from 3-14 Oct 1960. The most important achievement of this seminar was the “grading of staff”, “salary scales” too “status of librarian”.
Besides these, the UNESCO honored the Indian librarians past times inviting them to advice on diverse library projects meant for the fellow member country. The prominent alongside those are physician S. R. Ranganathan, B. S. Kesavan, S. S. Saith too a few others.
Indian National Commission is the official way of UNESCO, the National Information System for Science too Technology (NISSAT) inward Department of Scientific too Industrial Research (DSIR) is the focal betoken for UNISIST (PGI) too is also the coordinating centre for ASTINFO programme. NASSDOC of ICSSR is the focal betoken for UNESCO supporting APINESS programme.
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