1. Introduction: The sharing of library resources started with the concept of inter library loan, nether which a library tin larn a document from unopen to other library on loan for a for sure period. The inter library loan agency sharing of the resources of ane library yesteryear the other libraries on demand, when they are needed yesteryear its user i.e sharing one’s assets with others. The inter library loan was followed yesteryear the term “Library Cooperation”, but instantly inwards its revised too improved shape it is called every bit “Resource Sharing”. Today, it is called “Library Network” or “Library Consortia”, which is ane of the cooperative ways of sharing online resources.
Library Cooperation / Resource Sharing / Networking / Consortia all announce a fashion of cooperation alongside a issue of libraries whereby the library collection, role or services are shared yesteryear a issue of libraries. According to Allen Kent the goals are to provide a positive cyberspace lawsuit on the library user inwards terms of access to to a greater extent than textile or services too or on the library budget inwards terms of providing grade service at less cost, increased service at grade terms or much to a greater extent than service at less terms than if undertaken individually.
2. Need: The demand of library cooperation tin last visualized from the next angles
a) To Improve the Existing Organizational Infrastructure: The library cooperation aims to improve the existing organizational infrastructure of the participating libraries inwards terms of finance, manpower, equipment, document, too other library facilities.
b) To Improve the Effectiveness too Efficiencies: Library cooperation improves the effectiveness too efficiencies of the participating libraries to serve the needs of the user, improves access to resources, widens information coverage too accelerates the sphere inwards the furnish of information.
c) To Save the Budget: Library cooperation assistance the libraries to provide same grade of services at to the lowest degree cost.
d) Optimum Utilization of Infrastructure too Service: Library cooperation helps inwards utilizing the available resources every bit good every bit services to the optimum level.
3. Types of Library Cooperation: The library cooperation tin last of dissimilar types based on the geographical expanse or functional areas covered.
3.1 Based on Geographic Coverage: Based on the geographic coverage of the library cooperation- it tin last of the next types-
a) International Level: The library cooperation that covers the whole globe or a portion of it comes nether the purview of this category. Some of the international grade library cooperation is every bit follows-
i) UNISIST: In 1971, United Nations Educational, Scientific too Cultural Organization (UNESCO) sponsored United Nations International Scientific Information System (UNISIST) to foster too coordinate international bibliographical services beingness provided yesteryear diverse organizations. It is an inter-governmental programme to encourage too guide voluntary cooperation inwards the telephone commutation of information at national, regional too international levels.
ii) UAP: In 1973 International Federation of Library Associations too Institutions (IFLA) took the Universal Availability of Publication (UAP) programme with the finish of making whatever publication available to whatever mortal anywhere inwards the world.
iii) UBC: In 1973, United Nations Educational, Scientific too Cultural Organization (UNESCO) inwards cooperation with International Federation of Library Associations too Institutions (IFLA) launched Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC) to compile comprehensive bibliographies.
b) Regional Level: The regional grade library cooperation takes house inside 2 or to a greater extent than countries but it does non comprehend the whole world. Some instance includes-
i) ASTINFO: In 1983 United Nations Educational, Scientific too Cultural Organization (UNESCO) established Regional Network for Exchange of Information too Experience inwards Science too Technology inwards Asia too Pacific (ASTINFO) to promote regional cooperation, meliorate agreement too socio-economic evolution inwards Asia too Pacific region.
Library Cooperation / Resource Sharing / Networking / Consortia all announce a fashion of cooperation alongside a issue of libraries whereby the library collection, role or services are shared yesteryear a issue of libraries. According to Allen Kent the goals are to provide a positive cyberspace lawsuit on the library user inwards terms of access to to a greater extent than textile or services too or on the library budget inwards terms of providing grade service at less cost, increased service at grade terms or much to a greater extent than service at less terms than if undertaken individually.
2. Need: The demand of library cooperation tin last visualized from the next angles
a) To Improve the Existing Organizational Infrastructure: The library cooperation aims to improve the existing organizational infrastructure of the participating libraries inwards terms of finance, manpower, equipment, document, too other library facilities.
b) To Improve the Effectiveness too Efficiencies: Library cooperation improves the effectiveness too efficiencies of the participating libraries to serve the needs of the user, improves access to resources, widens information coverage too accelerates the sphere inwards the furnish of information.
c) To Save the Budget: Library cooperation assistance the libraries to provide same grade of services at to the lowest degree cost.
d) Optimum Utilization of Infrastructure too Service: Library cooperation helps inwards utilizing the available resources every bit good every bit services to the optimum level.
3. Types of Library Cooperation: The library cooperation tin last of dissimilar types based on the geographical expanse or functional areas covered.
3.1 Based on Geographic Coverage: Based on the geographic coverage of the library cooperation- it tin last of the next types-
a) International Level: The library cooperation that covers the whole globe or a portion of it comes nether the purview of this category. Some of the international grade library cooperation is every bit follows-
i) UNISIST: In 1971, United Nations Educational, Scientific too Cultural Organization (UNESCO) sponsored United Nations International Scientific Information System (UNISIST) to foster too coordinate international bibliographical services beingness provided yesteryear diverse organizations. It is an inter-governmental programme to encourage too guide voluntary cooperation inwards the telephone commutation of information at national, regional too international levels.
ii) UAP: In 1973 International Federation of Library Associations too Institutions (IFLA) took the Universal Availability of Publication (UAP) programme with the finish of making whatever publication available to whatever mortal anywhere inwards the world.
iii) UBC: In 1973, United Nations Educational, Scientific too Cultural Organization (UNESCO) inwards cooperation with International Federation of Library Associations too Institutions (IFLA) launched Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC) to compile comprehensive bibliographies.
b) Regional Level: The regional grade library cooperation takes house inside 2 or to a greater extent than countries but it does non comprehend the whole world. Some instance includes-
i) ASTINFO: In 1983 United Nations Educational, Scientific too Cultural Organization (UNESCO) established Regional Network for Exchange of Information too Experience inwards Science too Technology inwards Asia too Pacific (ASTINFO) to promote regional cooperation, meliorate agreement too socio-economic evolution inwards Asia too Pacific region.
ii) APINESS: In 1986 unopen to other network called Asia Pacific Information Network inwards Social Sciences (APINESS) was established nether the auspicious back upward of UNESCO.
c) National Level: The national grade library cooperation includes cooperation alongside the libraries of a land or portion of it. Some instance includes-
i) NASSDOC: NASSDOC was established inwards 1969 every bit a Division of Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) with the objective to provide library too information back upward services to researchers inwards social sciences; those working inwards academic institutions, autonomous query organisations, policy making, planning too query units of regime departments, concern too industry, etc. National Social Science Documentation Center (NASSDOC) is an India’s Leading Information Centre for Research too Innovations inwards Social Sciences.
d) State Level: The province grade library cooperation includes the libraries or cognition centres of a detail state. The instance includes-
i) DELNET: Developing Library Network (formerly Delhi Library Network) was established inwards 1988 inwards Delhi yesteryear Bharat International Centre with the initial fiscal back upward of NISSAT. It is the offset operational library network inwards India.
e) Local Level: The local grade library cooperation includes the libraries of a district, town or city. The instance includes-
i) CALIBNET: Calcutta Library Network (CALIBNET) was established yesteryear National Information System for Science too Technology (NISSAT) inwards 1986 inwards Calcutta. It was the offset library network visualized. At present, it has transcend the view for CD-ROM databases which are acquired from exterior sources.
3.2 Based on Functional Areas: Based on the functional expanse covered, library cooperation may last the next types-
a) Co-operative Acquisition: The physical care for of acquisition involves selecting, placing orders to vendors, passing of bills, payments, etc. All these activities tin last minimized yesteryear cooperative acquisition. This volition also resultant inwards saving the cost, earning of a larger discount, saving fourth dimension too clerical labour.
The Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC), New Delhi, initiated Centralized Acquisition of Periodicals (CAP) through which it is acquiring unusual periodicals for nearly xxx CSIR laboratories.
b) Cooperative Processing: If each library, inside the network of resources sharing, processes a majority through the calculator hence the task of cataloguing tin last shared yesteryear all the libraries inside the network inwards the shape of-
i) Printed Catalogue Card Service: In this physical care for unopen to libraries, commonly of national status, undertake the responsibleness of producing printed catalogue cards which are available on a payment soil for other libraries. The Library of Congress too British National Bibliography (BNB) are producing printed catalogue bill of fare service.
ii) Prenatal Cataloguing: The term prenatal cataloguing was used yesteryear Dr. S. R. Ranganathan. Prenatal technical piece of work involves completion of technical piece of work yesteryear the national key library of a terra firma on each majority earlier its free yesteryear the publisher.
iii) Cataloguing inwards Publication (CIP): The Cataloguing inwards Publication (CIP) programme was initiated yesteryear Library of Congress (LOC), USA inwards 1971 with 27 participating publishers. The physical care for of classification too cataloguing of a publication is done earlier the majority is released. The cataloguing information provided yesteryear the LOC is printed on the opposite of the championship page which helps the private libraries inwards copying downwards the information on their catalogue card.
iv) Centralized Classification too Cataloguing: Centralized classification too cataloguing service of Online Computer Library Centre (OCLC), too Machine Readable Catalogue (MARC) projection of the Library of Congress are remarkable inwards this direction. Online cataloguing, retrospective conversion using databases also atomic number 82 to economic scheme with quality.
c) Cooperative Storage: Every library has express infinite for storage of books. So the old too less used books are weeded out regularly to provide infinite for novel acquisition. Moreover, the maintenance of the unused or petty used books non solely consumes valuable infinite of the library but also involves coin too labour. So, the cooperative storage of less used books is the solution left. The textile that is non inwards active occupation may last stored on a cooperative soil at a key dormitory.
i) ILRC: National Social Science Documentation Center (NASSDOC), New Delhi too Jawarharlal Nehru University, Delhi formed Inter Library Resource Centre (ILRC) inwards New Delhi inwards 1975. Some 38 libraries of Delhi deposited their less used series too regime documents at the centre.
d) Inter Library Loan: The inter library loan agency sharing of the resources of ane library yesteryear the other libraries on demand, when they are needed yesteryear its user i.e sharing one’s assets with others. In inter library loan a library tin larn a document from unopen to other library on loan for a for sure period.
i) ILL of INFLIBNET: INLIBNET has initiated interlibrary loans (ILL) or Inter-Library Lending too document delivery services from the comprehensive collection of subscribed journals nether JCCC@UGC- INFONET. INFLIBNET has designated 22 libraries to fulfill ILL asking from the users. The ILL libraries together subscribe for 2000 summation journals that is non available through consortia. Universities tin asking for articles from the magazine holdings of those libraries wherever they discovery useful articles inwards JCCC search, that are non available inwards that library.
e) Library Network: It tin last defined every bit a “two or to a greater extent than libraries engaged inwards a mutual pattern of information telephone commutation through communication for unopen to functional purposes”.
i) DELNET: Developing Library Network (DELNET) saved unusual telephone commutation worth Rs. 10 meg yesteryear rationalizing subscriptions to unusual periodicals during 1991, 1992 too 1993 through resources sharing. This was mainly achieved inwards the fields of physical science, medical scientific discipline too agricultural sciences.
f) Library Consortia: Library consortia is a network for buying too accessing e- information inwards a cooperative organisation alongside a grouping of libraries inwards providing minute access to greater resources for the users of the private libraries. In simple, a library consortium is ane of the cooperative ways of sharing online resources.
i) E-Shodh Sindhu: The MHRD on 1st December, 2015 has merged UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium, INDEST-AICTE Consortium too NLIST Programme into E-Shodh Sindhu. The INFLIBNET Centre has been assigned the responsibleness for execution too performance of E-Shodh Sindhu.
3.3 Based on Types of Resources: The next type of resources tin last shared yesteryear way of library co-operation
a) Sharing of Documentary Resources: For instance cooperative acquisition, cooperative processing, cooperative storage for the documents which are less used, cooperative delivery system, inter library lending, document delivery service, evolution of network, developing consortia too hence on.
b) Sharing of Manpower Resources: For example, organisation for the cooperative staff preparation too such others tin last arranged.
c) Sharing of Other Library Facilities or Equipment: For instance sharing of the calculator too reprographic equipment that cannot last afforded yesteryear small-scale libraries due to their high cost, too sharing of finance tin last done on cooperative basis.
4. Conclusion: Library cooperation is a social phenomenon yesteryear which libraries are mutually engaged to increment the service capabilities of a unmarried library too yesteryear which the librarians extend their selection to serve clients. It includes sharing materials or role or services that constitute a library system. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 textile includes both documentary too non-documentary forms. The role covers the activities concerning the acquisition, processing, storage, etc.; services include techniques, activities too procedures employed to works life contact betwixt the document too its consumer i.e. lending, reference, documentation, translation, etc. Library cooperation also tin last looked upon every bit a broader terms than resources sharing or networking or consortia.
c) National Level: The national grade library cooperation includes cooperation alongside the libraries of a land or portion of it. Some instance includes-
i) NASSDOC: NASSDOC was established inwards 1969 every bit a Division of Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) with the objective to provide library too information back upward services to researchers inwards social sciences; those working inwards academic institutions, autonomous query organisations, policy making, planning too query units of regime departments, concern too industry, etc. National Social Science Documentation Center (NASSDOC) is an India’s Leading Information Centre for Research too Innovations inwards Social Sciences.
d) State Level: The province grade library cooperation includes the libraries or cognition centres of a detail state. The instance includes-
i) DELNET: Developing Library Network (formerly Delhi Library Network) was established inwards 1988 inwards Delhi yesteryear Bharat International Centre with the initial fiscal back upward of NISSAT. It is the offset operational library network inwards India.
e) Local Level: The local grade library cooperation includes the libraries of a district, town or city. The instance includes-
i) CALIBNET: Calcutta Library Network (CALIBNET) was established yesteryear National Information System for Science too Technology (NISSAT) inwards 1986 inwards Calcutta. It was the offset library network visualized. At present, it has transcend the view for CD-ROM databases which are acquired from exterior sources.
3.2 Based on Functional Areas: Based on the functional expanse covered, library cooperation may last the next types-
a) Co-operative Acquisition: The physical care for of acquisition involves selecting, placing orders to vendors, passing of bills, payments, etc. All these activities tin last minimized yesteryear cooperative acquisition. This volition also resultant inwards saving the cost, earning of a larger discount, saving fourth dimension too clerical labour.
The Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC), New Delhi, initiated Centralized Acquisition of Periodicals (CAP) through which it is acquiring unusual periodicals for nearly xxx CSIR laboratories.
b) Cooperative Processing: If each library, inside the network of resources sharing, processes a majority through the calculator hence the task of cataloguing tin last shared yesteryear all the libraries inside the network inwards the shape of-
i) Printed Catalogue Card Service: In this physical care for unopen to libraries, commonly of national status, undertake the responsibleness of producing printed catalogue cards which are available on a payment soil for other libraries. The Library of Congress too British National Bibliography (BNB) are producing printed catalogue bill of fare service.
ii) Prenatal Cataloguing: The term prenatal cataloguing was used yesteryear Dr. S. R. Ranganathan. Prenatal technical piece of work involves completion of technical piece of work yesteryear the national key library of a terra firma on each majority earlier its free yesteryear the publisher.
iii) Cataloguing inwards Publication (CIP): The Cataloguing inwards Publication (CIP) programme was initiated yesteryear Library of Congress (LOC), USA inwards 1971 with 27 participating publishers. The physical care for of classification too cataloguing of a publication is done earlier the majority is released. The cataloguing information provided yesteryear the LOC is printed on the opposite of the championship page which helps the private libraries inwards copying downwards the information on their catalogue card.
iv) Centralized Classification too Cataloguing: Centralized classification too cataloguing service of Online Computer Library Centre (OCLC), too Machine Readable Catalogue (MARC) projection of the Library of Congress are remarkable inwards this direction. Online cataloguing, retrospective conversion using databases also atomic number 82 to economic scheme with quality.
c) Cooperative Storage: Every library has express infinite for storage of books. So the old too less used books are weeded out regularly to provide infinite for novel acquisition. Moreover, the maintenance of the unused or petty used books non solely consumes valuable infinite of the library but also involves coin too labour. So, the cooperative storage of less used books is the solution left. The textile that is non inwards active occupation may last stored on a cooperative soil at a key dormitory.
i) ILRC: National Social Science Documentation Center (NASSDOC), New Delhi too Jawarharlal Nehru University, Delhi formed Inter Library Resource Centre (ILRC) inwards New Delhi inwards 1975. Some 38 libraries of Delhi deposited their less used series too regime documents at the centre.
d) Inter Library Loan: The inter library loan agency sharing of the resources of ane library yesteryear the other libraries on demand, when they are needed yesteryear its user i.e sharing one’s assets with others. In inter library loan a library tin larn a document from unopen to other library on loan for a for sure period.
i) ILL of INFLIBNET: INLIBNET has initiated interlibrary loans (ILL) or Inter-Library Lending too document delivery services from the comprehensive collection of subscribed journals nether JCCC@UGC- INFONET. INFLIBNET has designated 22 libraries to fulfill ILL asking from the users. The ILL libraries together subscribe for 2000 summation journals that is non available through consortia. Universities tin asking for articles from the magazine holdings of those libraries wherever they discovery useful articles inwards JCCC search, that are non available inwards that library.
e) Library Network: It tin last defined every bit a “two or to a greater extent than libraries engaged inwards a mutual pattern of information telephone commutation through communication for unopen to functional purposes”.
i) DELNET: Developing Library Network (DELNET) saved unusual telephone commutation worth Rs. 10 meg yesteryear rationalizing subscriptions to unusual periodicals during 1991, 1992 too 1993 through resources sharing. This was mainly achieved inwards the fields of physical science, medical scientific discipline too agricultural sciences.
f) Library Consortia: Library consortia is a network for buying too accessing e- information inwards a cooperative organisation alongside a grouping of libraries inwards providing minute access to greater resources for the users of the private libraries. In simple, a library consortium is ane of the cooperative ways of sharing online resources.
i) E-Shodh Sindhu: The MHRD on 1st December, 2015 has merged UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium, INDEST-AICTE Consortium too NLIST Programme into E-Shodh Sindhu. The INFLIBNET Centre has been assigned the responsibleness for execution too performance of E-Shodh Sindhu.
3.3 Based on Types of Resources: The next type of resources tin last shared yesteryear way of library co-operation
a) Sharing of Documentary Resources: For instance cooperative acquisition, cooperative processing, cooperative storage for the documents which are less used, cooperative delivery system, inter library lending, document delivery service, evolution of network, developing consortia too hence on.
b) Sharing of Manpower Resources: For example, organisation for the cooperative staff preparation too such others tin last arranged.
c) Sharing of Other Library Facilities or Equipment: For instance sharing of the calculator too reprographic equipment that cannot last afforded yesteryear small-scale libraries due to their high cost, too sharing of finance tin last done on cooperative basis.
4. Conclusion: Library cooperation is a social phenomenon yesteryear which libraries are mutually engaged to increment the service capabilities of a unmarried library too yesteryear which the librarians extend their selection to serve clients. It includes sharing materials or role or services that constitute a library system. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 textile includes both documentary too non-documentary forms. The role covers the activities concerning the acquisition, processing, storage, etc.; services include techniques, activities too procedures employed to works life contact betwixt the document too its consumer i.e. lending, reference, documentation, translation, etc. Library cooperation also tin last looked upon every bit a broader terms than resources sharing or networking or consortia.
Buat lebih berguna, kongsi:
0 Response to "Library Cooperation"
Post a Comment