1. Introduction: Computer generation agency mensuration yesteryear mensuration changes as well as each major alter or progress after a catamenia of time. Since inception in that location are totally v generation of computers. Each of the v generations of computers is characterized yesteryear a major technological evolution that fundamentally changed the way computers operate. Most developments resulted inward increasingly smaller, cheaper as well as to a greater extent than powerful as well as efficient computing devices.
2. First Generation Computer: Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC) was the starting fourth dimension valve based reckoner as well as taken equally starting fourth dimension reckoner of starting fourth dimension generation of electronic digital computer. It was made yesteryear J. P. Eckert as well as John W. Mauchly inward 1946. EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC are to a greater extent than or less other examples of reckoner of this generation.
This generation reckoner possessed the next characteristics:
i) Used thermionic valves or vacuum subway scheme or electronic valve;
ii) Used Mercury describe of piece of occupation for storage as well as newspaper tapes as well as punched cards were likewise used;
iii) Computer programming was mainly done inward machine language;
iv) All the computers were of really large size as well as then required really large space;
v) The computers were really costly;
vi) Limited programming capabilities, memory;
vii) Slow operating speed as well as restricted computing capacity;
viii) High might consumption (each vacuum tubes consumed most one-half a watt power);
ix) Vacuum tubes used filament equally a rootage of electron; they receive got a express life.
x) Large amount of estrus generated from the vacuum tubes as well as then they needed air-conditioning.
3. Second Generation Computer: The excogitation of transistor (short names for transfer resistor) inward 1948 led to the evolution of minute generation of computer. Their principal disadvantages were that the commercial productions of transistors were hard as well as expensive; again, the manual assembly of private components into a performance unit of measurement was required. Examples of minute generation of reckoner include UNIVAC-1108, IBM 700, 1401, CDC 1604, 3600.
The minute generation computers are characterized yesteryear the following:
i) Transistors replaced the vacuum tubes completely;
ii) Use of magnetic cores for retention storage. Magnetic drum, magnetic disc, punched bill of fare were likewise used for storage purpose;
iii) Use of high score linguistic communication similar FORTRAN, COBOL, Algol, SNOBOL, etc.;
iv) Due to the utilization of transistors the sizes turned to travel smaller;
v) Less costly inward comparing to the starting fourth dimension generation of computer;
vi) Memory capacities were most 100 Kilobyte;
v) Reduction inward computation fourth dimension from millisecond to microsecond;
vi) Transistors eat exclusively a 10th of might equally required yesteryear vacuum tubes;
vii) Transistors receive got no filament to burn downwards equally against the starting fourth dimension generation of reckoner then they were to a greater extent than reliable;
ix) Less estrus was generated due to the utilization of transistor but nonetheless needed AC as well as frequent maintenance.
4. Third Generation Computer: The 3rd generation began inward 1965 amongst germanium transistors beingness replaced yesteryear silicon transistors (integrated circuit). Integrated circuit is a circuit consisting of transistors, resistors as well as capacitors grown on a unmarried fleck of silicon eliminating wired interconnections betwixt components. Highly sophisticated engineering scientific discipline was required for the industry of the chips, but nonetheless commercial production buy the farm easier as well as non then expensive. Remote processing as well as fourth dimension sharing is likewise an added payoff of this generation of computer. Example: IBM 360 Series, ICL 1900 series, IBM 370/168, ICL 2900, Honeywell 6000 series, etc.
This generation reckoner has the next characteristics
i) Use of integrated circuit;
ii) Use of semiconductor memories inward add-on to, as well as subsequently instead of, ferrite heart as well as soul memory. The 2 principal types of semiconductor retention are Read-Only Memory (ROM) as well as read-and-write memories called Random Access Memory (RAM);
iii) Extensive utilization of high score programming languages;
iv) Smaller size as well as meliorate performance, to a greater extent than flexibility amongst input/output;
v) Less costly inward comparing to the minute generation of reckoner as well as buy the farm pop equally minicomputer as well as are quite portable;
vi) Memories improved to 4 Megabytes;
vii) Reduction inward computational fourth dimension from microseconds to nanoseconds;
viii) Lower estrus generation as well as quite less might requirement;
ix) More reliable inward comparing to the minute generation of computer;
x) Air conditioning required inward many cases;
5. Fourth Generation Computer: The 4th generation of reckoner may travel identified yesteryear the advent of the microprocessor chip. The whole reckoner CPU except primary retention is placed on a unmarried chip. This fleck is known equally microprocessor. Examples: Intel 4004, Apple serial I as well as II, spectrum 7, etc.
This generation reckoner has the next characteristics:
i) Use of large scale as well as really large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) packing most 50,000 transistors inward a chip;
ii) Magnetic heart as well as soul memories were replaced yesteryear semiconductor memories;
iii) Sophisticated programs as well as languages for exceptional application. In the expanse of linguistic communication “C” linguistic communication became popular.
iv) Increasing utilization of microcomputer;
v) Low cost;
vi) Increased storage;
vii) Considerably faster as well as smaller;
viii) Heat generated is negligible as well as fifty-fifty air conditioner is non ever required;
ix) Network of computers as well as distributed reckoner systems were developed;
x) Modular design, versatility as well as compatibility.
6. Fifth Generation Computer: The 5th generation of reckoner is inward the procedure of total development. The finish of fifth-generation computing is to prepare devices that answer to natural linguistic communication input as well as are capable of learning as well as self-organization. The reckoner of this generation is expected to travel a novel as well as unique of its variety having the artificial tidings i.e. the might to argue logically as well as amongst the existent knowledge of the world, behaving almost similar a human beingness inward the feel of talking, seeing, hearing as well as utilizing human language. There are to a greater extent than or less applications, such equally vocalization recognition, that are beingness used inward the 5th generation reckoner today. The utilization of parallel processing as well as superconductors is helping to brand artificial tidings a reality. Quantum computation as well as molecular as well as nanotechnology volition radically alter the facial expression upward of computers inward years to come.
The Fifth Generation Computer Systems projection (FGCS) was an inaugural yesteryear Japan’s Ministry of International Trade as well as Industry, begun inward 1982. It aimed to practise an “epoch-making computer” with-supercomputer-like performance as well as to furnish a platform for hereafter developments inward artificial intelligence. There was likewise an unrelated Russian projection likewise named equally fifth-generation computer.
7. Conclusion: In the history of computing hardware, computers using vacuum tubes were called the starting fourth dimension generation; transistors as well as diodes, the second; integrated circuits, the third; as well as those using microprocessors, the fourth. Whereas previous reckoner generations had focused on increasing the release of logic elements inward a unmarried CPU, the 5th generation, it was widely believed at the time, would instead plow to massive numbers of CPUs for added performance. The term “fifth generation” was intended to bring the scheme equally beingness a natural springtime beyond existing machines.
Vacuum tube-based computers were inward utilization throughout the 1950s. Vacuum tubes were largely replaced inward the 1960s yesteryear transistor-based computers. When compared amongst tubes, transistors are smaller, faster, cheaper, utilization less power, as well as are to a greater extent than reliable. In the 1970s, integrated circuit engineering scientific discipline as well as the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such equally the Intel 4004, caused to a greater extent than or less other generation of decreased size as well as cost, as well as to a greater extent than or less other generation of increased speed as well as reliability. By the 1980s, computers became sufficiently pocket-size as well as inexpensive to supervene upon unproblematic mechanical controls inward domestic appliances such equally washing machines. The 1980s likewise witnessed dwelling computers as well as the directly ubiquitous personal computer. With the evolution of the Internet, personal computers are becoming equally mutual equally the tv set as well as the telephone inward the household.
2. First Generation Computer: Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC) was the starting fourth dimension valve based reckoner as well as taken equally starting fourth dimension reckoner of starting fourth dimension generation of electronic digital computer. It was made yesteryear J. P. Eckert as well as John W. Mauchly inward 1946. EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC are to a greater extent than or less other examples of reckoner of this generation.
This generation reckoner possessed the next characteristics:
i) Used thermionic valves or vacuum subway scheme or electronic valve;
ii) Used Mercury describe of piece of occupation for storage as well as newspaper tapes as well as punched cards were likewise used;
iii) Computer programming was mainly done inward machine language;
iv) All the computers were of really large size as well as then required really large space;
v) The computers were really costly;
vi) Limited programming capabilities, memory;
vii) Slow operating speed as well as restricted computing capacity;
viii) High might consumption (each vacuum tubes consumed most one-half a watt power);
ix) Vacuum tubes used filament equally a rootage of electron; they receive got a express life.
x) Large amount of estrus generated from the vacuum tubes as well as then they needed air-conditioning.
3. Second Generation Computer: The excogitation of transistor (short names for transfer resistor) inward 1948 led to the evolution of minute generation of computer. Their principal disadvantages were that the commercial productions of transistors were hard as well as expensive; again, the manual assembly of private components into a performance unit of measurement was required. Examples of minute generation of reckoner include UNIVAC-1108, IBM 700, 1401, CDC 1604, 3600.
The minute generation computers are characterized yesteryear the following:
i) Transistors replaced the vacuum tubes completely;
ii) Use of magnetic cores for retention storage. Magnetic drum, magnetic disc, punched bill of fare were likewise used for storage purpose;
iii) Use of high score linguistic communication similar FORTRAN, COBOL, Algol, SNOBOL, etc.;
iv) Due to the utilization of transistors the sizes turned to travel smaller;
v) Less costly inward comparing to the starting fourth dimension generation of computer;
vi) Memory capacities were most 100 Kilobyte;
v) Reduction inward computation fourth dimension from millisecond to microsecond;
vi) Transistors eat exclusively a 10th of might equally required yesteryear vacuum tubes;
vii) Transistors receive got no filament to burn downwards equally against the starting fourth dimension generation of reckoner then they were to a greater extent than reliable;
ix) Less estrus was generated due to the utilization of transistor but nonetheless needed AC as well as frequent maintenance.
4. Third Generation Computer: The 3rd generation began inward 1965 amongst germanium transistors beingness replaced yesteryear silicon transistors (integrated circuit). Integrated circuit is a circuit consisting of transistors, resistors as well as capacitors grown on a unmarried fleck of silicon eliminating wired interconnections betwixt components. Highly sophisticated engineering scientific discipline was required for the industry of the chips, but nonetheless commercial production buy the farm easier as well as non then expensive. Remote processing as well as fourth dimension sharing is likewise an added payoff of this generation of computer. Example: IBM 360 Series, ICL 1900 series, IBM 370/168, ICL 2900, Honeywell 6000 series, etc.
This generation reckoner has the next characteristics
i) Use of integrated circuit;
ii) Use of semiconductor memories inward add-on to, as well as subsequently instead of, ferrite heart as well as soul memory. The 2 principal types of semiconductor retention are Read-Only Memory (ROM) as well as read-and-write memories called Random Access Memory (RAM);
iii) Extensive utilization of high score programming languages;
iv) Smaller size as well as meliorate performance, to a greater extent than flexibility amongst input/output;
v) Less costly inward comparing to the minute generation of reckoner as well as buy the farm pop equally minicomputer as well as are quite portable;
vi) Memories improved to 4 Megabytes;
vii) Reduction inward computational fourth dimension from microseconds to nanoseconds;
viii) Lower estrus generation as well as quite less might requirement;
ix) More reliable inward comparing to the minute generation of computer;
x) Air conditioning required inward many cases;
5. Fourth Generation Computer: The 4th generation of reckoner may travel identified yesteryear the advent of the microprocessor chip. The whole reckoner CPU except primary retention is placed on a unmarried chip. This fleck is known equally microprocessor. Examples: Intel 4004, Apple serial I as well as II, spectrum 7, etc.
This generation reckoner has the next characteristics:
i) Use of large scale as well as really large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) packing most 50,000 transistors inward a chip;
ii) Magnetic heart as well as soul memories were replaced yesteryear semiconductor memories;
iii) Sophisticated programs as well as languages for exceptional application. In the expanse of linguistic communication “C” linguistic communication became popular.
iv) Increasing utilization of microcomputer;
v) Low cost;
vi) Increased storage;
vii) Considerably faster as well as smaller;
viii) Heat generated is negligible as well as fifty-fifty air conditioner is non ever required;
ix) Network of computers as well as distributed reckoner systems were developed;
x) Modular design, versatility as well as compatibility.
6. Fifth Generation Computer: The 5th generation of reckoner is inward the procedure of total development. The finish of fifth-generation computing is to prepare devices that answer to natural linguistic communication input as well as are capable of learning as well as self-organization. The reckoner of this generation is expected to travel a novel as well as unique of its variety having the artificial tidings i.e. the might to argue logically as well as amongst the existent knowledge of the world, behaving almost similar a human beingness inward the feel of talking, seeing, hearing as well as utilizing human language. There are to a greater extent than or less applications, such equally vocalization recognition, that are beingness used inward the 5th generation reckoner today. The utilization of parallel processing as well as superconductors is helping to brand artificial tidings a reality. Quantum computation as well as molecular as well as nanotechnology volition radically alter the facial expression upward of computers inward years to come.
The Fifth Generation Computer Systems projection (FGCS) was an inaugural yesteryear Japan’s Ministry of International Trade as well as Industry, begun inward 1982. It aimed to practise an “epoch-making computer” with-supercomputer-like performance as well as to furnish a platform for hereafter developments inward artificial intelligence. There was likewise an unrelated Russian projection likewise named equally fifth-generation computer.
7. Conclusion: In the history of computing hardware, computers using vacuum tubes were called the starting fourth dimension generation; transistors as well as diodes, the second; integrated circuits, the third; as well as those using microprocessors, the fourth. Whereas previous reckoner generations had focused on increasing the release of logic elements inward a unmarried CPU, the 5th generation, it was widely believed at the time, would instead plow to massive numbers of CPUs for added performance. The term “fifth generation” was intended to bring the scheme equally beingness a natural springtime beyond existing machines.
Vacuum tube-based computers were inward utilization throughout the 1950s. Vacuum tubes were largely replaced inward the 1960s yesteryear transistor-based computers. When compared amongst tubes, transistors are smaller, faster, cheaper, utilization less power, as well as are to a greater extent than reliable. In the 1970s, integrated circuit engineering scientific discipline as well as the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such equally the Intel 4004, caused to a greater extent than or less other generation of decreased size as well as cost, as well as to a greater extent than or less other generation of increased speed as well as reliability. By the 1980s, computers became sufficiently pocket-size as well as inexpensive to supervene upon unproblematic mechanical controls inward domestic appliances such equally washing machines. The 1980s likewise witnessed dwelling computers as well as the directly ubiquitous personal computer. With the evolution of the Internet, personal computers are becoming equally mutual equally the tv set as well as the telephone inward the household.
Buat lebih berguna, kongsi:
0 Response to "Generations Of Computers"
Post a Comment