Computer

1. Introduction: A figurer is a machine that manipulates information according to a laid of instructions called program. It is a laid of interacting elements, responding to input in addition to thence equally to make wishing output. It is an electronic device that tin perform a multifariousness of operations according to a laid of instructions or program. According to McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia (1997), it is “a device that receives, processes in addition to presents information” (p. 270). According to Encyclopaedia Britannica (1991), a figurer is a device that solves problems past times applying prescribed performance on information entered into it (p. 638).

2. Types of Computers: Computers tin last classified inwards many dissimilar ways; some of them are discussed bellow

A) Based on Technology / Design: Based on engineering figurer tin of the next types-

a) Analog Computer: An analog figurer receives inputs that are instantaneous representation of variable quantities in addition to make output results dynamically to a graphical display device, a virtual display device or, inwards instance of a command system, a device which causes mechanical motion. Example includes Analog clock, Speedometer, etc.

b) Digital Computer: The digital figurer industrial plant amongst numbers, words, in addition to symbols expressed equally digits which it manipulates in addition to counts discretely. Example includes Calculators, Digital watches, etc.

c) Hybrid Computer: The flexibility of the electronic analog figurer has allowed it to last augmented amongst interface channels to the electronic digital computer, in addition to thence that during 1960s a tertiary type of full general figurer i.e. the hybrid figurer came into being. The hybrid computers combine the features of the other 2 types in addition to utilize both analog in addition to discrete representation of data. Example includes the figurer used inwards hospitals to stair out the heartbeat of the patient, figurer used inwards petrol pump, etc..

B) Based on Size: Modern figurer organization varies inwards physical size from those that used to fill upward a room to those amongst CPUs that tin ease on the boom of a person’s footling finger. Generally, the larger the systems the greater are its processing speed, storage capacity, cost in addition to mightiness to grip large position out of powerful input in addition to output devices. This classification is arbitrary. The fact is that the size, cost, in addition to performance capabilities of machines inwards dissimilar classifications are probable to overlap.

a) Micro Computer: Micro computers are popularly known equally Desktop computer. Microcomputers are the smallest unit. They may last tiny, exceptional purpose devices dedicated to carrying out a unmarried undertaking or they may last the to a greater extent than visible in addition to familiar personal figurer ranging from annotation mass size to desktop size that nosotros tin work inwards countless ways. The performance of some newer micros surpasses the capabilities of some older minis. Eg. Acer’s, Aspire, Compaq, etc.

b) Mini Computer: They are to a greater extent than frequently than non to a greater extent than powerful in addition to to a greater extent than expensive than Micros. In physical size mini computers vary from desktop models to unit of measurement that has the size of a pocket-size cabinet. Eg. IBM-6000 model 580, CDC 4360, etc.

c) Mainframe Computer: Mainframe computers are the organization that offers faster processing speeds in addition to greater storage capacity than a typical mini. The Mainframe computers tin last accommodated inwards large air-conditioned rooms because of its size. Eg. CDC 2000, IBM ES-2, etc.

d) Super Computer: These are the largest, fastest in addition to to a greater extent than expensive organization inwards the world. Super figurer is designed to procedure complex scientific jobs, to analyze large commercial databases, make animated movies in addition to play games such equally Chess. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 super figurer is really expensive, prices gain from close $ 4 meg to over $ 17 million. Eg. Cray -1, Cray-2, Cray-3, ETA-10, X-MP, etc.

C) Based on Purpose in addition to Use: Depending upon the purpose for which computers are used, it tin last classified equally follows

a) General Purpose Computer: This type of figurer is in addition to thence designed that it tin last used to solve many kinds of job or it permits the evolution of dissimilar stimulated models equally needed. Eg. Model EA1-2000 (Electronic Association Inc).

b) Special Purpose Computer: It has a fixed programme amongst a few or no permitted adjustment. It is to a greater extent than frequently than non built into or appended to the physical organization it serves. Examples: Special Purpose Pneumatic Analog Computer, Model Foxboro 516 (Foxboro Co.).

D) Based on Programme: Based on programme figurer tin be-

a) Embedded Computer: Embedded computers are small, elementary devices that are used to command other devices. These are embedded inside the circuitry of appliances such equally fighter aircraft, industrial robots, digital cameras, children’s toys, washing machines, wrist watches, etc. These computers are typically preprogrammed for a specific task.

b) Programmable Computer: The user tin create a novel programme for his/her specific purpose inwards these types of computers. It tin last used equally notepads, scheduling organization in addition to address books. If equipped amongst a cellphone it tin also last connected to World Wide figurer networks for exchanging information regardless of location.

E) Home Computer / Personal Computer: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 personal figurer (PC) is whatever general-purpose figurer whose size, capabilities, in addition to master copy sales cost acquire inwards useful for individuals, in addition to which is intended to last operated straight past times an terminate user, amongst no intervening figurer operator. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 personal figurer may last a desktop computer, a laptop figurer or a tablet computer.

Home figurer was a degree of personal figurer entering the marketplace inwards 1977 in addition to becoming mutual during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers equally accessible personal computers, to a greater extent than capable than video game consoles. These computers typically cost much less than business, scientific or engineering-oriented desktop personal computers of the time, in addition to were to a greater extent than frequently than non less powerful inwards terms of retentiveness in addition to expandability. Personal computers, inwards diverse forms, are icons of the Information Age in addition to are what most people yell back of equally “a computer”; however, the most mutual shape of figurer inwards work today is the embedded computer.

a) Desktop Computer: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 desktop figurer is a personal figurer (PC) inwards a shape intended for regular work at a unmarried location, equally opposed to a mobile laptop or portable computer. It tin signal a horizontally-oriented figurer instance ordinarily intended to have got the display shroud placed on top to salve infinite on the desk top. Most modern desktop computers have got split screens in addition to keyboards.

b) Laptop Computer: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 laptop is a personal figurer designed for mobile work in addition to is pocket-size plenty to sit down on one’s lap. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 laptop integrates most of the typical components of a desktop computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing device (a touchpad, also known equally a trackpad, and/or a pointing stick), speakers, in addition to frequently including a battery, into a unmarried pocket-size in addition to low-cal unit. Laptop figurer is also known equally Notebook Computer or Portable computer.

c) Handheld Computer: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 handheld figurer is a pocket-sized computing device, typically having a display shroud amongst touching input or a miniature keyboard.

d) Personal Digital Assistance (PDA): Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a handheld computer, also known equally a palmtop computer. Newer PDAs commonly have got colouring screens in addition to good capabilities, enabling them to last used equally mobile phones (smartphones), spider web browsers, or portable media players.

F) Others: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 few to a greater extent than computers are existence made all over the world, which are inwards their developmental stages. They include

a) Optical Computer: Optical or photonic computing uses photons produced past times lasers or diodes for computation. This was initiatory of all achieved amongst the photonic transistor, invented inwards 1989 at the Rocky Mountain Research Center.

b) deoxyribonucleic acid Computer: deoxyribonucleic acid computing is a branch of computing which uses DNA, biochemistry, in addition to molecular biological scientific discipline hardware, instead of the traditional silicon-based figurer technologies.

c) Biological Computer: Biocomputers work systems of biologically derived molecules—such equally deoxyribonucleic acid in addition to proteins—to perform computational calculations involving storing, retrieving, in addition to processing data.

d) Chemical Computer: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 chemic computer, also called reaction-diffusion computer, BZ figurer (stands for Belousov–Zhabotinsky computer) or gooware figurer is an unconventional figurer based on a semi-solid chemic "soup" where information are represented past times varying concentrations of chemicals.

e) Quantum Computer: Quantum computing studies theoretical computation systems (quantum computers) that brand direct work of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such equally superposition in addition to entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum computers are dissimilar from binary digital electronic computers based on transistors.

3. Advantages in addition to Disadvantages of Computers: Computers have got some strength, which makes them immensely useful in addition to pop in addition to also adorable for all. Some of its principal characteristics are given below-

a) Accuracy: Computers tin perform all the calculation in addition to comparing accurately provided the hardware does non malfunction.

b) Automaticity: Computers are capable of doing for certain flat of automation provided they are programmed inwards that order. In the computer, 1 time a undertaking is initiated, it tin perform on its ain till its completion. It volition execute the programme inwards the right sequence i.e. it volition switch on/off the machine at the appropriate time, monitor the operational parameter, send alert signals or accept corrective actions if the parameters locomote past times the command flat in addition to and thence on.

c) Diligence / Reliability: The human existence suffers from weaknesses similar tiredness, lack of concentration, etc. existence constant in addition to earnest inwards efforts in addition to application. Humans also have got feelings, in addition to thence they locomote sad, depressed, bored in addition to negligent in addition to virtually it is reflected inwards the piece of work they do. But the computers tin perform the undertaking repetitively for n numbers of times without whatever degradation inwards quality. So computers are to a greater extent than reliable than human beings.

d) Speed: Computers tin calculate at a really high speed. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 modern figurer tin execute millions of instructions inwards 1 second.

e) Storage: Computers tin shop a large amount of information inwards a really pocket-size space. The storage capacity of a figurer is virtually unlimited.

f) Versatility: The figurer tin perform activities ranging from elementary calculation to performing complex tasks inwards whatever plain of noesis in addition to inwards dissimilar surroundings conditions, i.e. they tin exercise hazardous jobs fifty-fifty inwards infirmary environment.

Being an electronic device the computers have got for certain limitations also, which tin last summarized equally follows.

a) Lack of Decision Making Power: Computers cannot determine on their own; they are subject on human instruction. Computers tin entirely exercise what they are told to do.

b) Zero IQ: Computers are dumb machines amongst zip IQ. They demand to last told inwards each in addition to every step, withal infinitesimal it may be.

c) No Heuristic: Heuristic refers broadly to learning from past times experiences. If a figurer commits an mistake 1 time in addition to the similar province of affairs / trial occurs again, the figurer volition commit the same mistake again. i.e. it cannot larn from the past times experiences.

4. Uses of Computers: Computer is used everywhere inwards the basis inwards every plain of life. It has a really large impact on our day-to-day life in addition to increasingly it is becoming an integral component subdivision of our life. It is enhancing our efficiency in addition to productivity inwards all activities. It is used for a position out of applications similar education, interrogation in addition to development, entertainment, medical treatment, business, armed services services, space, etc.. The uses of computers inwards human life are virtually endless. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 cursory describe concern human relationship of it is given below:

a) Education: There are many uses of figurer inwards schools, colleges in addition to universities. For example, pupil details are stored into the figurer organization for subsequent performance on them. Multimedia, animations, graphics in addition to charts could last used to learn the students in addition to many irksome topics tin last made interesting past times using multimedia. Students 1 time to a greater extent than could access mesh for online assist in addition to courses for to a greater extent than information.

b) Health in addition to Medicine: Computers are helping immensely to monitor the extremely sick inwards the intensive aid unit of measurement in addition to render cross-sectional views of the body. This eliminates the demand for hired nurses to spotter the patient twenty-four hours a day, which is greatly tiring in addition to mistake prone. Doctors work computers inwards diagnosing for certain diseases. Computers are straightaway able to map, inwards exquisite details, the construction of the human mutual depression temperature virus - the initiatory of all stair towards the mutual cold. Furthermore, computers are used greatly inwards managing patients, doctors, wards in addition to medicine records, equally good equally for making appointments, scheduling surgeries, etc.

c) Agriculture: Farmers work pocket-size computers to assist themselves amongst billing, crop information, in addition to cost per acre, feed combinations, in addition to marketplace cost checks.

d) Banking:  Every banking concern is straightaway using a computerized organization because it is really fast in addition to user friendly. ATM cards, credit cards, are used everywhere straightaway which allow us banking concern whatever fourth dimension nosotros want. PC banking (Personal Computer banking), mobile banking allows us to run across our banking concern balance, asking transfers betwixt accounts in addition to pay bills electronically, etc.

e) Entertainment: Computers are used to brand cartoon movies, animated in addition to exceptional effects inwards movies, games, in addition to and thence on.

f) Sports: In sports computers are used widely inwards conjunction amongst video cameras. These are used to tape the motion of all the sports men. 3D programs are used afterward on to assist the trainers run across their movements in addition to to ameliorate their vogue of playing.

g) Communication: Internet is becoming an information freeway amongst lots of facilities to communicate past times Email, chat, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Video Conferencing, etc.

h) Traffic Light Control: In traffic low-cal command the figurer is existence employed to drive the traffic signals. There are some programmed codes similar “turn off the ruddy light” or “turn on the ruddy light” to command the traffic signal in addition to to ship out the instructions that follows.

i) Day to Day Life: It is used inwards Railway ticket booking, air ticket booking, in addition to and thence on. In elementary it tin last said that now-a-days nosotros are surrounded past times the figurer organization in addition to it is non possible to alive without them.

5. Conclusion: Experts don’t direct maintain on figurer classification because figurer engineering is changing in addition to thence fast that inside the bridge of a month, when a novel organization comes out, it is faced amongst 2 potential factors- 1 costs the same in addition to has a much higher performance in addition to the other has the same performance but costs much less. Thus, a lately introduced smaller organization tin outcome (outperform) the large model of a few years agone in addition to a novel PC tin exercise the piece of work of an before mini at a much lower cost.

This is the Computer Age in addition to these machines are showtime to demeanor on our lives inwards many ways. There are in addition to thence many applications of computers that it becomes virtually impossible to advert their applications inwards our solar daytime to solar daytime life. The figurer era appears before us amongst the hope of novel in addition to improved ways of thinking, living in addition to working. Computers are all some us in addition to avoiding them is virtually impossible. We have got been exposed to the basis of figurer hype, figurer advertisements in addition to figurer headlines. We interact amongst computers inwards our daily lives - whether nosotros are at the cinemas, the school, or Blue Planet library or anywhere inwards between.
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