1. Introduction: Public libraries furnish service to the full general populace together with brand at to the lowest degree some of their books available for borrowing, therefore that readers may usage them at habitation over a menstruum of days or weeks. Typically, these libraries number library cards to community members wishing to borrow books. Many populace libraries also serve every bit community organizations that furnish costless services together with events to the public, such every bit babysitting classes together with even time.
Public libraries be inward virtually nations of the the world together with are often considered an essential component of having an educated together with literate population. It fosters together with provides way for maintaining individual’s individuality, helps inward the progressive evolution of individual’s personality, together with individual’s acquisition of knowhow of daily life. It believes that a practiced reader is a improve citizen together with an property to the community.
2. Definition: A library that is opened upwardly to the full general populace together with that provides full general library services without accuse or amongst minimum of accuse to all residents of a given community, district, or portion together with is supported wholly or inward component yesteryear populace funds is the populace library. Public library tin also defined every bit a people’s academy where each private begins at his ain grade together with progresses at his ain speed. Today, yesteryear populace library, nosotros hateful a library amongst the next principal attributes-
i) Open to all without whatever distinction of caste, creed or sex;
ii) Free of whatever accuse either inward the shape of safety deposit or membership fee or amongst a nominal fee;
iii) Financed from populace funds received yesteryear way of library rates together with authorities grants;
iv) Supported yesteryear library legislation.
Benjamin Franklin non solely looked upon the populace library every bit an educational establishment together with used it every bit one, but went farther to define it every bit an establishment for the diffusion of noesis to the terminate that people could command their ain destinies together with croak improve citizens.
According to Ranganathan, the populace library is established out of the populace fund; it serves the full general populace of its locality; together with it is essentially a service library.
The UNESCO Manifesto clearly states that “the populace library should move established nether the clear mandate of law, therefore framed every bit to ensure nation-wide provision of populace library service”. In short, a populace library is a costless library for the public, yesteryear the people together with of the public. According to the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto 1994 (Revised), "the populace library acts every bit a living strength for education, civilisation together with data together with every bit an essential agent for the fostering of peace together with spiritual welfare through the minds of men together with women".
3. Objectives: The mission of populace library is to provide reading materials to people without whatever fee. The UNESCO Public Library Manifesto get-go issued inward 1949 together with revised inward 1994 yesteryear the International Federation of Library Associations together with Institutions on the occasion of International Book Year is a broad charter of populace library goals. The purposes together with objectives of the populace library are described inward relation to three basic concerns-
i) The needs of people who usage the libraries;
ii) The shout out for to ensure that the library is located inward suitable site; together with
iii) The shout out for to furnish for effective way of operating it together with developing its services.
4. Structure: The populace library scheme inward Republic of Republic of India consists of the following
4.1 National Library: Calcutta Public Library was established inward 1835. It was meant to serve the needs of all ranks together with classes without distinction. It was opened on 21 March 1836 for the public. The together with therefore Governor General, Lord Metcalf transferred 4,675 volumes from the library of the College of Fort William to the Calcutta Public Library.
The Imperial Library was founded inward 1891 yesteryear combining a number of Secretariat libraries. Lord Curzon, Viceroy together with Governor General of Republic of Republic of India inward the early on years of the twentieth century, is commonly credited amongst the thought of opening a library inward Kolkata for populace use. He found that the Imperial Library together with Calcutta Public Library were non existence used every bit expected because of express access together with lack of amenities. He decided to merge the collection of Calcutta Public Library amongst that of the Imperial Library, dependent to sure enough terms. Lord Curzon bought the rights of the Library from the proprietors together with after merged it amongst the Official Imperial Library consisting of authorities departmental libraries of the East Republic of Republic of India Company. The novel library, called Imperial Library, was formally opened to the populace on thirty Jan 1903 at Metcalf Hall, Kolkata. John Macfarlane, Assistant Librarian of the British Museum, London, was appointed every bit the get-go Librarian of the Imperial Library. Later on, Khan Bahadur M.A. Asadulla was appointed librarian together with he continued inward business office till July 1947.
In 1948, 1 yr after the independence of India, Imperial Library of Calcutta (Kolkata) was transformed into National Library (of India) through the “Imperial Library Act” (change of name) 1948 together with was transferred from the Esplanade to the Viceroy’s Palace inward Calcutta, namely, the Belvedere Palace. On 1 Feb 1953, the National Library was opened to the public, inaugurated yesteryear Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. B. S. Kesavan was appointed every bit the get-go Librarian of the National Library. The Library is nether the Department of Culture, Ministry of Tourism & Culture, Government of India. Till 2019, Shri Shravan Kumar is the Director General (head of the institution) together with Dr. K. K. Kochukoshy is the Officer on Special Duty of the National Library.
4.2 The Central Reference Library: The Central Reference Library (CRL) is a subordinate business office of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. This establishment has been curved out of the National Library inward monastic tell to compile the Indian National Bibliography (INB) after the promulgation of the Delivery of Books Act, 1954. After 1970, it began to component nether an independent Librarian cum General Editor instead of previous custom of Librarian of National Library working every bit General Editor of INB. Now-a-days, CRL functions every bit a carve upwardly subordinate business office of the Ministry of Culture, Govt. of Republic of Republic of India amongst its ain independent seat of a Librarian. CRL publishes the Indian National Bibliography together with Index Indiana. Till 2019, Dr. K. K. Kochukoshy is the Librarian cum General Editor of CRL together with Shri Pradip Kumar Upadhaya is the Head of Office. The aims together with objectives of Central Reference Library is (i) Compilation together with sale of the Indian National Bibliography which is an authoritative tape for books published inward the 14 Indian Languages together with English linguistic communication inward Roman script together with inward respective languages together with (ii) Compilation together with sale of Index Indiana (in Roman Script) an index to selected articles appearing inward electrical current Indian linguistic communication periodicals.
4.3 State Central Libraries: The Hindu Library at Port Blair, Andaman together with Nicobar islands stated inward 1959, was converted into a State Library inward 1974. In 1978 the Secretariat Library of Arunachal Pradesh was converted into the State Central Library. The other states are also having their ain nation Libraries.
4.4 Divisional together with District Libraries: Most of the Districts inward Republic of Republic of India have got their district libraries that functions nether the nation libraries.
Some other types of that used to component nether the nation fundamental libraries or divisional promotion district libraries are Sub-divisional/Taluka/Tehsil Libraries together with Towns together with Rural Libraries.
4.5 Nehru Yuvak Kendras: Nehru Yuva Kendras were established inward the yr 1972 amongst the objective of providing rural youth avenues to pick out component inward the procedure of acre edifice every bit good providing opportunities for the evolution of their personality together with skills. In the yr 1987-88, Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS) was laid upwardly every bit an autonomous organisation nether the Government of India, Ministry of Youth Affairs together with Sports, to oversee working of these Kendras.
In some states of India, in that location also to move some Jawahar Bal Bhavans that are providing unlike library services to their localities.
5. Library Governance together with Authority: The library governance refers to the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who brand upwardly a trunk for the purpose of administering the library. The authorisation has the powerfulness or correct to give orders or brand decisions inward the library. The populace library police line enacted yesteryear a nation legislature forms the legal reason for the establishment, maintenance together with governance of the populace library. In India, the populace libraries were formerly nether the Ministry of Education but at 1 time it is nether the Ministry of Culture.
The discussion “authority” implies a someone having the powerfulness to do something, the powerfulness existence derived from his business office or grapheme or prestige. H5N1 someone having powerfulness is authorized yesteryear a competent agency / authorisation to send out a sure enough job. The purpose of granting authorisation is to allow him / her to perform some variety of service yesteryear way of administrative process.
In a populace library, the Directorate of Library Services or Local or State Library Authority is the library authorisation or otherwise a library board mightiness move the authority. The librarian is responsible to the board. In illustration of a populace library, where in that location is library legislation, it is mentioned inward the library deed every bit to who volition move the library authority. But when in that location is no library legislation together with therefore the Director of Library Services volition move the library authority.
6. Finance: Library tax/rates shape the reason of fiscal back upwardly for populace libraries inward the states having library legislation. Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF) that was established yesteryear Department of Culture, Govt. of India) promotes populace library services yesteryear rendering volume together with fiscal assistance to the populace libraries nether unlike schemes of assistance inward collaboration amongst Library Department or Department inward accuse of Public Library Services.
National Library of India, Kolkata, Connemara Public Library, Chennai, Central Library, Bombay together with Delhi Public Library, Delhi used to have a re-create of the volume published inward Republic of Republic of India every bit per the Delivery of Books (Public Libraries) Act (1954). The Delivery of Books (Public Libraries) Act, 1954 was non implemented inward Jammu together with Kashmir state. In 1956 the Delivery of Books (Public Libraries) together with Newspapers Act 1954 was amended.
National Library together with Central Reference Library used to furnish funds for organizing seminars together with conferences yesteryear populace libraries. Most of the populace libraries had often been started amongst a donation or an endowment from the public. The local authorities also used to furnish fund for the populace library scheme surgical operation nether them. In illustration of states that has the Library Legislation, it is defined inward the legislation itself regarding what volition move the rootage of fund for the populace libraries.
7. Staff: The National Library used to have got a Director General. The Director General is the caput of the institution. The Librarian is called the Principal Library together with Information Officer (PLIO) together with he worked nether the leadership of the Director General.
The Central Reference Library used to component nether an independent Librarian cum General Editor instead of previous Librarian of National Library every bit General Editor of INB.
S.R. Ranganathan has recommended the next staff formula (Krishan Kumar, 1987) for the populace library.
i) Book Section: One someone for every 6,000 volumes, added inward a year.
ii) Periodical-publications section: One someone for every 1,000 periodicals currently taken.
iii) Classification together with Cataloguing Section: One someone for every 2,000 volumes added inward a year.
iv) Maintenance Section: One someone for every 2,000 volumes added inward a yr together with 1 someone for every 50,000 volumes inward the library.
v) Publicity Section: Minimum 1 artist.
vi) Administrative Section: Minimum 1 library accountant, 1 steno-typist together with 1 correspondence clerk.
vii) Reference Section: One someone for every 50 readers using the library inward a 24-hour interval of the year.
viii) Circulation Section: One someone for every 1,500 hours for which 1 wicket-gate of the library has to move kept opened upwardly inward a year.
ix) Supervisory Section: One librarian together with 1 deputy librarian.
The professional person together with non-professional staff that volition move required for a populace library service has been estimated yesteryear the Advisory Committee for Libraries laid upwardly yesteryear the Government of Republic of Republic of India (PSG Kumar, 2003, P.151) every bit follows:
i) State Central Library- One nation librarian, 1 deputy librarian, 1 assistant librarian, twenty-two Non-professionals;
ii) District Library- One librarian, 1 assistant librarian, 3 professional person assistants together with nine other non-professional personnels;
iii) City Library- One librarian, 1 deputy librarian, (except inward cities amongst a population of less than 5 lakhs), 1 assistant librarian (except inward cities amongst a population of less than 2 lakhs), professional person assistants minimum 2, together with maximum eighteen according to population served;
iv) City Branch Library- One librarian, 2 professional person assistants together with v non-professional personnels;
v) Mobile Library-Two professional person assistants together with 3 other personnels;
vi) Block Library- One librarian together with 2 other personnels.
8. Collections: Public library should elbow grease to procure books on virtually of the main dependent areas. It may include collection related to:
a) Culture: Its contents should move a living demonstration of the evolution of noesis together with culture, constantly reviewed, kept up-to-date together with attractively presented. It should also include plant on literature, art, philosophy, history, biography together with topology. In promoting the civilisation of the community the populace libraries should include plant of disinterested pursuit of truth, beauty or goodness, fifty-fifty though it is e'er mixed upwardly amongst other motivations such every bit search for social importance (knowledge is power), or for condition together with acceptance, or for comfort of a dream world, for the private self-realisation.
b) Education: In facilitating non-formal instruction or self-education, populace library should furnish educational materials which include introductions or criterion plant on a subject.
c) Recreation: Most users of the populace library read for recreation at 1 fourth dimension or some other together with the provision of this variety of reading is essential.
Public libraries non solely collect books together with periodicals but also procure other graphic, holistic together with acoustic cloth such every bit books together with journals, maps together with charts, microfilm together with the similar all designed for use. Today, populace libraries have got a broad array of other media including CDs, DVDs, software, every bit good every bit facilities to access the Internet.
9. Services: Some of the functions of populace libraries are every bit follow-
a) Inspiration Centre: The populace library is planned therefore every bit to croak the hub of social life, a existent community oculus around which the daily life together with habits of the people are geared. H5N1 populace library tin do inward children a dear for reading, which tin atomic number 82 to the formation of reading habits at an early on age. It prepares people for disciplined together with cooperative social life. It is the costless informational together with recreational institution.
b) Preserve the Record of Civilization: The populace library is a necessary unit of measurement inward the social laid upwardly therefore organized together with planned every bit to transmit the accumulated noesis together with experiences of mankind together with provides challenging together with often unorthodox material.
c) Reading Circle, Study Circle: Persons amongst mutual involvement are brought together yesteryear the populace libraries to a reading circle. Each reading circle provided necessary facilities regarding the materials together with a suitable identify to agree the meeting.
d) Reading to Illiterates: Reading hours for adults who cannot read are arranged yesteryear populace libraries. Once they croak neo-literates the populace library together with therefore pick out upon it to reckon to it that they do non lapse into illiteracy again.
e) Meeting, Public Lectures together with Talks: A library organizes populace lectures together with talks yesteryear eminent persons together with also yesteryear library staff.
f) Celebration of Festival together with Events together with Arranging Cultural Programmes: The populace library arrange pop festivals together with events inward the library together with suit a drama, a puppet show, a music concert, a cinema show, a magic present etc. Such cultural programmes assay out nifty attraction for the community. On such occasions a volume exhibition related to the programme are also arranged.
g) Book Fair together with Exhibition: At the fourth dimension of talk, festival, fair, drama, etc. a volume exhibition on the relevant topic is arranged. Exhibition on local history, local festivals, art, photograph together with prototype are also offering to attract the attending of the community.
Periodical exhibition of books which have got a bearing on topical theme enhances the chances of books finding their readers. Occasional exhibitions of unused books mightiness assay out useful for the reader inward getting interested inward books together with using them.
h) Mobile Service: Introduction of mobile library services to furnish service to citizens without access to fundamental or branch libraries has devised an interesting diversity of delivering methods. For offering this service, the fourth dimension for each locality is to move fixed together with notified earlier.
i) Book yesteryear Mail together with Telephone Request: The populace library should also furnish library lending service through postal service together with Dial a volume together with Dial a fact method. H5N1 populace library tin also retrieve of delivering books to whatever habitation leap someone on a request. Introduction of library website is also a practiced shape of extension service of a populace library.
j) Publication: Public library simply similar other establishment brings annual report, reading guide, library mag / bulletin together with other similar publications.
k) Non-formal Education: Non-formal instruction is an organised educational activity exterior the established formal scheme - whether operating separately or every bit an of import characteristic of some broader activity - that is intended to serve identifiable learning clienteles. In non-formal instruction 1 educates oneself through courses offered yesteryear the distant instruction fashion amongst the assist of either other methods of learning or through self study materials. The main responsibleness of supporting the non-formal instruction rests amongst the populace library system.
l) Education of Illiterates: The populace libraries piece of work for the instruction of the illiterate people inward its community through the audio-visual media particularly the video. It also establishes learning clubs together with organizes other programmes of speech for educating its illiterate clients.
m) Education of Working Groups: Public libraries stock books relevant to the needs of the people engaged inward unlike vocations inward its area. By reading such books they volition croak improve informed together with improve educated inward their areas of work. They may move sufficiently interested to growth their piece of work efficiency which volition atomic number 82 to greater productivity.
n) Education of Physically Handicapped: In recent years populace libraries have got provided reading materials together with other documents to the handicapped readers to alleviate their miseries, have got assisted the disadvantaged members of enterprise inward gaining a rightful identify inward enterprise too educating together with rehabilitating them inward society.
o) Informal Education: Informal instruction is a lifelong procedure whereby every private acquires attitudes, values, skills together with noesis from daily sense together with the educative influences together with resources inward his or her surround - from identify unit of measurement together with neighbours, from piece of work together with play, from the marketplace seat place, the library together with the volume media. Informal instruction tin contribute to learning a novel chore or transferring skills which were non necessarily the principal skills for a previous job. These include communication, organizational together with fourth dimension administration skills together with the powerfulness to laid priorities. Sometimes solely a few weeks or a calendar month of "on-the-job training" tin attention an private to move able to perform a novel job. Informal instruction also includes learning together with specialized science evolution pursued inward job-sponsored orientation courses (e.g. calculator grooming courses, projection management).
p) Lifelong Learning (LLL): The whole thought of instruction is to stress to a greater extent than together with to a greater extent than independent learning together with acting. All learning activities are undertaken throughout life, amongst the aim of improving knowledge, skills together with competencies inside a personal, civic, social and/or employment-related perspective. The necessary implication is that the professional person together with vocational competence of the members must move maintained amongst the changing needs of the society.
10. Conclusion: In illustration of populace library - the full general public forms a major grouping of the library user. Public library serves them costless of accuse or for a nominal fee. It provides costless service irrespective of status, age, religion, coloring cloth or creed, together with sex. The populace library scheme amongst its network of branches together with volume mobiles establishes an active reader contact together with its aim is to make the bulk of the population who are non library users. It may extend service to the neo literates together with fifty-fifty to the physically handicapped people.
A populace library should move at a identify which virtually citizens tin ofttimes see regularly on some concern or other; at the same fourth dimension the location should move every bit costless from noise together with other disturbances every bit possible therefore that serious study tin move made.
In India, All India Public Library Association (1919), All India Rural Library Service Association (1933), Sadau Asom Gramya Puthibharal Santha, Assam are striving for the betterment of Public Library services. Buat lebih berguna, kongsi:
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